Introduction: Infancy is the most sensitive phase of child growth and evolution. Nutrition at this stage is very important in the development of the child and in the formation of his personality and temperament. The aim of this study was to compare the temperament of infants in two group exclusive breastfeeding and dominant formula feeding. Methods: This is a comparative descriptive study. The study population was 60 infants aged 3 to 12 months who, with their mothers, were visited in the health centers of Isfahan in the second half of the 2018 year. The number of samples in each group of infants with exclusive breastfeeding and dominant formula feeding was calculated 30 and sampling was continued in two groups until complete by available method. Data collection tool was temperament evaluation questionnaire IBQ-R Rutbart (Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (1981) with 3 dimensions, including negative sentiment, positive sentiment and adjustment. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22, independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: The results showed that in the scale of negative sentiment, average points of the exclusive breastfeeding was (3. 57 ± 0. 67) lower than the dominant formula feeding (4. 30 ± 0. 64) (P < 0. 05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in surgenc/extraversion and orienting/regulation dimensions (P > 0. 05). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that in breastfeeding promotion programs to compare infant's feeding methods in addition to emphasizing on infant's physical health, consider also changes in infant's temperament for reduce children's emotional and behavioral problems and their mental health. Also if infants need to consume formula, mothers will be able to adapt with more information and less stress.

Human milk contains all of the constituents that are required for the optimal growth and development of a neonate. It supports the development of brain, immune, and physiological systems. This study aimed to consider the significance of breast milk in preventing oxidative stress by comparing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in breast and formula milk for premature infants, demonstrating the relationship between TAC in breast milk and postnatal age in days.The Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) method was used to spectophotometrically measure of TAC in breast and formula milk. One hundred and fourty (n=140) lactating mothers agreed to participate in the study. TAC was also measured in two brands of formula milk (n=80).The Range of TAC in human breast milk was 234.27-1442.31 mM and in two formula was 160.04-630.92 mM. The average TAC was significantly higher in breast milk(642.94 ± 241.23 mM) compared to formula milk (280.986 ± 100.34 mM) p<0.0001. The TAC of breast milk was increased with some nutritional parameter such as increased consumption of cheese, vegetables, fruits, bread and nuts. Infants’ height at the birthday was directly correlated with antioxidant capacity of breast milk, whilst a reversed correlation was observed between TAC in breast milk and infant age.Based on our results, it is concluded that the TAC of breast milk is varied and affected by nutrition. It is alo observed that TAC is significantly higher in breast milk than formula, which means that breast milk provides better antioxidant potency than infant formula.

Infant formula has a fatty acid composition that meets the needs of the neonates for unsaturated fatty acids. These fatty acids are of major importance during this period of life in which the brain and retina are developing, and will therefore have an influence upon visual acuity and learning abilities.Oxygen reacts readily with unsaturated fatty acids, so that every time these compounds are handled there is a danger of contaminated with oxidative products. Oxidative stability is an important parameter in characterization of fats and oils.The purpose of this study was to predict the shelf life of an infant formula using accelerated stability test (rancimat), to save time. The Rancimat method is based on conductometric determination of volatile degradation products and features automatic plotting of the conductivity against time. The evaluation was performed graphically after completion of the experiments.The stability of a commercially available infant formula in Tehran, Iran was measured using rancimat method at temperatures of 60, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 and 130°C.Equations have been derived by which the shelf life can be predicted on the basis of the Rancimat method, thus avoiding the time-consuming long-term studies. The shelf life of the commercial infant formula studied was estimated as 534 days (approximately 18 months).

Thirty-six samples of infant formula with different production dates and various brands were purchased from Isfahan city during 2012. The samples were assayed for the presence and quantity of melamine by ELISA screening method. According to the results, in any infant formula melamine contamination was observed above the detection limit of the kit (10 mg/L). Therefore, it was concluded that the infant formula at Isfahan retail is not considered a health hazard from the melamine contamination point of view.

Selenium as a nonmetallic chemical element has received high attention of biologists because of its dual role as an essential trace nutrient and a toxic element. This interest has created a need for reliable analytical methods for determination of selenium In this investigation determination of selenium by differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry and the influence of various parameters such as deposition potentials, deposition time, Cu++ concentration, pH, etc. on selenium peak in voltamn10bJTamare described. Determination of selenium was accomplished in mixture of acetic acid, hydrocchoric acid and sodium chloride buffer (pH=1) with a scan rate of 60 mv/s and a pulse height of 100 mv by hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) as working electrode. The solution was stirred during pre-electrolysis at -350 mv (vs. SCE) for 30 s and the potential was scanned between -350 mv and -800 mv. The determination limit of the method was 0.005 mg/kg for the sample. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0-30 μg/L (R2=0.996, p<O.OOl).Repeatability of the method at concentrations of 30 and 0.5 μg/L were 2.5 and 10.5% respectively.

Fatty acids play important roles in biological systems and the newborns fatty acids requirements are covered only by the milk. It is of particular interest to qualify the content of the fatty acids in the milk. This study was performed to determine the levels of some fatty acids in the infant formulas and also to describe a method without derivatization for the fatty acids analysis and applying it to the control of infant formulas. Free fatty acids were produced by adding isopropanol-KOH to milk fat extract and heating it to saponify and acidify by H2SO4. Free fatty acids were extracted and were quantified by capillary gas chromatography on a fused silica column (AT-1000) and flame ionization detector. The average experimental values of lauric, palmitic, stearic and linoleic fatty acids contents of twenty infant formulas were 6.47, 16.52, 2.11 and 14.56 g/100g, respectively. The obtained experimental values of lauric and linoleic fatty acids contents of twenty infant formulas were in good agreement with the values proposed by standards of codex alimentary.